Monday, December 30, 2019

Geological Thinking Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses

The scientific method were taught about in school is simplified: observation leads to hypothesis to prediction to experiment. Its easy to teach and lends itself to simple classroom exercises. But in real life, this kind of mechanical process is valid only for problems like solving a crossword puzzle or testing a circuit board. In real science, where much is unknown—certainly in geology—this method gets you nowhere. When geologists go out in the field they confront a blooming, buzzing confusion of scattered outcrops, complicated by faulting, earth movements, vegetative cover, bodies of water and landowners who may or may not let scientists wander around their property. When they prospect for buried oil or minerals, they have to make sense of scattered well logs and seismic profiles, trying to fit them into a poorly known model of the regional geologic structure. When they research the deep mantle, they must juggle the fragmentary information from seismic data, rocks erupted from great depths, high-pressure mineral experiments, gravity measurements and much, much else. Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses A geologist in 1890, Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, first described the special kind of intellectual work needed, calling it the method of multiple working hypotheses. He considered it the most advanced of three scientific methods: Ruling Theory:Â  The method of the ruling theory begins with a ready answer to which the thinker grows attached, looking only for facts that confirm the answer. It is suited to religious and legal reasoning, in large part, because the underlying principles are plain—the goodness of God in the one case and the love of justice in the other. Todays creationists rely on this method as well, starting in a lawyerly fashion from the bedrock of scripture and seeking confirming facts in nature. But this method is wrong for natural science. In working out the true nature of natural things, we must investigate natural facts before creating theories about them. Working Hypothesis:Â  The method of the working hypothesis begins with a tentative answer, the hypothesis, and seeks out facts to try against it. This is the textbook version of science. But Chamberlin observed that a working hypothesis may with the utmost ease degenerate into a ruling theory. An example from geology is the hypothesis of mantle plumes, which is cited as an axiom by many geologists, although a spirited critique is beginning to put the working back into it. Plate tectonics is a healthy working hypothesis, being extended today in full awareness of its uncertainties. Multiple Working Hypotheses: The method of multiple working hypotheses begins with many tentative answers and the expectation that no single answer may be the whole story. Indeed, in geology a story is what we seek, not just a conclusion. The example Chamberlin used was the origin of the Great Lakes: Certainly, rivers were involved, to judge from the signs; but so was erosion by ice age glaciers, the bending of the crust under them, and possibly other things. Discovering the true story means weighing and combining different working hypotheses. Charles Darwin, 40 years earlier, had done just this in devising his theory of species evolution. The scientific method of geologists is to collect information, stare at it, try a lot of different assumptions, read and discuss other peoples papers and grope their way toward greater certainty, or at least figure the answers with the best odds. This is more like the real problems of real life where much is unknown and variable—planning an investment portfolio, devising regulations, teaching students. The method of multiple working hypotheses deserves to be more widely known. In his 1890 paper Chamberlin said, I am confident, therefore, that general application of this method to the affairs of social and civic life would go far to remove those misunderstandings, misjudgments, and misrepresentations which constitute so pervasive an evil in our social and our political atmospheres, the source of immeasurable suffering to the best and most sensitive souls. Chamberlins method is still a staple of geological research, at least in the mindset that we should always look for better answers and avoid falling in love with one beautiful idea. The cutting edge today in studying complex geologic problems, such as global warming, is the model-building method. But Chamberlins old-fashioned, common sense approach would be welcome in more places.

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Beauty in Todays World Essay - 854 Words

The concept of beauty is a controversial issue in today’s look-oriented modern society as the media constantly tries to give it a set definition. Motivated by material profit, television programs, glamorous magazines, and fashionable websites often provide their own distorted image of the perfect human being. However, due to the fact that it is a subjective and relative concept, beauty is indefinable and therefore an unreachable and utopian ideal. The idea of beauty has undergone a great amount of changes over time, and as a result it is indefinable and almost impossible to give a completely factual definition. What people considered to be beautiful years ago no longer pertains to today’s modern society. These changes can be seen†¦show more content†¦In Asian cultures it is considered attractive to have pale skin, and many Asians often wear sun masks or carry parasols to avoid coloration. Some even powder their faces in order to make their complexion paler and thus more â€Å"attractive†. In Western civilizations like America, perfect skin is often characterized as being tan, and many Americans often risk their own health by visiting tanning salons. Americans also use expensive bronzers and fake tanning sprays that give their skin a more golden color. Cultural differences of beauty can even be traced back to the Native Americans who tightly bounded their heads with cloth in order to elongate their skulls. Similar to variations among cultures, definitions of beauty are also subjective as they can also differ among individuals. Beauty is a relative ideal as its meaning differs among individuals. While some may view beauty as based on inner traits such as personality, intelligence, confidence, grace, charm, and elegance, others may believe that it is only physical factors that make a person attractive. People’s perceptions of beauty are often reflected in their fashion styles and depicted in the clothes that they wear. Many st rive to create their own unique style which shows their individual opinion on what they perceive as alluring. One person may find that a leopard print jacket, a yellow tank top, and pink polka dot shorts are beautiful, while another couldShow MoreRelatedMedia and Feminine Beauty1497 Words   |  6 Pagesfeminine beauty. From watching movie to passing through the subway station, it is quite often to see numerous images of female faces and bodies. Women are exposed in the world where most women display in films and on subway advertising boards are striking poses with little clothes on. Moreover, every image showed is airbrushed with Photoshop. Women are exposed with images produced by the media on what is considered to be the ideal face and body. The way media portray feminine beauty today changesRead MoreSheri S. Teppers Novel, Beauty Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pagesmisconceptions about beauty and its importance, in todays society. In a time when physical beauty can be of utter impo rtance, we seem to be at a loss of it. What is beauty and where can it be found? Can we see it in the air we breathe, the brilliant oceans, in the striking sunsets, or even in one another? With the weight of beauty in todays society, the common use of expressions used to describe lifes brilliance is expected. The many expressions used to discuss beauty such as beauty lies in the eyesRead MoreWhat is Beauty? Essay1385 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is beauty? People have always attempted to find, create, and pursue it. A quick checkout at the grocery store will reveal a plethora of magazines devoted purely to what they call beauty and the proper pursuit of it. Most have an idea of what they might personally define as beauty, but not as a general, sweeping definition. That which one might label ugly another might call absolutely stunning. Some find beauty in cats, others in dogs, just as some favor early morning mountain ranges over a sunRead MoreA Book Bum Rush The Page By Teri Ellen C ross886 Words   |  4 PagesIn the world we live in there are multiple definitions of what beauty is. However is it right to deemed a certain skin color more beautiful than the other? In our history we are taught that being a white complexion has many advantages, and that being a dark complexion is a shame. Although that is history, in our world today believe it or not individuals are still subjected to discrimination because of their skin color. In a book called Bum Rush The Page, a poem called Complected written by TeriRead More Beauty Essay987 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder† I agree that beauty lies in the eye of the beholder because beauty comes from within your soul. People have different ideas and tastes, so ideas on what is beautiful vary from person to person. This is proven when you look around in the world which we all share. There are countless ways in which beauty is shown to us all. It could be in nature, like the waterfalls or the sunset or even a hurricane; some people may think that it’s exotic to see the skiesRead MoreThe Birth Of Venus By Sandro Botticelli And The Poem Stanze Per La Giostra By Angelo Poliziano1651 Words   |  7 PagesBeauty is in the Eye of the Beholder The two works of art that I have chosen is the painting The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli and the poem Stanze per la Giostra by Angelo Poliziano. The Birth of Venus was created between 1484 and 1486 by Sandro Botticelli. It was created in the early Renaissance period and is currently located in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. Stanze per la Giostra was written between 1475 and 1478 by the Renaissance poet Angelo Poliziano. Its current location is theRead MoreMedia s Influence On Beauty Standards Of Women1213 Words   |  5 PagesMedia’s Influence on Beauty Standards of Women There are several types of social standards that are held in the world today. Among those standards are the beauty standards of how women should look. This is one of the most talked about topic of discussions today. It is safe to say that the media is the reason to blame for these undocumented sets of beauty standards that women should abide by because of the types of women that are portrayed through the media. The unrealistic beauty standards the mediaRead MorePhenomenal Woman By Maya Angelou1591 Words   |  7 PagesThese poems inspire and uplift women throughout the world. Modern society suggest that phenomenal woman was even a big part of the movie Poetic Justice. Maya Angelou teaches many women on how to conduct themselves as well as gives insight on how she conducts herself. She also says gives brief ways of how she shows her inner and outer beauty. Phenomenal Women is a poem that should be passed down from generation to generation. The modern society today will soon read or hear about Maya Angelou and phenomenalRead MoreBeauty Pageants Are Not Healthy For Children1663 Words   |  7 Pages Every little girl dreams of becoming a princess. With today s society, children are becoming them at a younger and younger age. Beauty pageants have become a phenomenon in American culture. Miss America winners are role models for these girls. They represent the perfect woman, or at least perfect to society s standards. The world of child beauty pageants has become a source of fascination in today s society. Networks such as TLC and WE TV have produced popular reality shows focusing on the miniatureRead MoreThe Unrealistic Standards Of Beauty888 Words à ‚  |  4 PagesBeauty is in the eye of the beholder. This is an old saying my grandmother would say to me growing up. I was taught my beauty depended on my perspective. I was taught to accept and love myself as I am. In the past decades, beauty standards didnt require much from girls, and the culture taught girl to accept their appearance. However, This self acceptance twisted as the years went, from generation to generation. The society set unrealistic standards of beauty across the world. This new occurrence

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Position Of Male Teachers In Our Education System Education Essay Free Essays

string(61) " the presence of male instructors in the instruction system\." In peculiar, the categorization of the art of learning as adult females work has truly hurt the place of male instructors in our instruction system and maintain them out of the field. However, â€Å" Recuperative Maleness Politics † introduces conveying back maleness in order to battle current stereotypes. The term refers to the fact that males must be present in the schoolroom at the simple degree in order to cover with the current feminisation of the field ( p. We will write a custom essay sample on Position Of Male Teachers In Our Education System Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 192 ) . Most immature kids develop and larn through detecting the actions and words of those around them and research has shown that a male function theoretical account is indispensable in the school system. Male simple instructors can be important function theoretical accounts for their pupils. â€Å" Harmonizing to a Norms and Values Report 2011 commissioned by the Ministry of Social Development in Trinidad, and done by the ANSA McAL Psychological Research Centre, 69 per cent of adult females said they had kids, as compared to 53 per cent of work forces † ( Baldeosingh 2011 ) .This underlines the fact that some kids may non hold a solid male figure to emulate. Children need such important positive function theoretical accounts to help in learning them the norms and values needed in society and to make full a male parent function for the six hr twenty-four hours that they spend together. They need to interact with male instructors when they are immature and turning emotionally. â€Å" Children need male function theoretical accounts between the ages of seven and thirteen to assist them turn and place themselves. † ( Erickson, 1950, 1968 ) .A As such it is believed that mal e figures in our school system are required to steer, protect, enhance and influence pupils in a positive and resourceful mode so that they can go successful immature grownups. The factors that have encouraged the enlisting of more male instructors surfaced from the diverse learning manners between male and female instructors. Emphasis is placed on the instructor ‘s position on internal and external methods of control and how wit and freedom tantrums in to it ( Kesici, 2008 ) . For illustration, male instructors are frequently humourous and encourage freedom of address and appropriate behaviour in comparing to female instructors. They normally tell gags, and integrate play and treatments in the schoolroom which make the pupils laugh bring forthing a higher degree of involvement in the topic being taught. â€Å" The impression that instructors ‘ schoolroom behaviour and interaction with students may be predicted on the footing of their gender underpins recent controversial runs to enroll more male instructors † ( Francis 2008 ) . â€Å" Male instructors are more likely than female instructors to esteem and provide to kids ‘s ‘ involvement and demands, such as for more rambunctious drama † ( Farquhar, 1997 ) . Robinson ( 1988 ) adds nevertheless, that there is small fluctuation the work that male and female instructors really do, but they tend to be different in their interactions. Teachers should take into history the assorted demands of each pupil and make a balanced instruction and acquisition environment where kids are allowed to develop holistically. Mac Donald ( 2007 ) suggested that immature male childs have been affected by the diminution in male instructors in their developmental old ages ( considered to be preschool age 2 to 12 old ages ) . Furthermore he states that male childs are able to derive more than merely academic accomplishment from male instructors, but they besides act as function theoretical accounts of manhood and maleness. This has lead to the thought of â€Å" ‘Gender Match ‘ which can be defined as the premise that kids learn at a faster rate when being taught by those of the same sex † ( Sokal A ; Katz, 2008 ) . Staff ( 2008 ) quoted Dr. Tanya Byron, a clinical psychologist and broadcaster, by stating: â€Å" Male primary school instructors can frequently be stable and dependable figures in the lives of the kids that they teach. They inspire kids to experience more confident, to work harder and to act better. † Simply put boys learn more when they are instructed by male instructor s. Not merely do work forces hold a positive impact on academic accomplishment in male childs but they are besides indispensable in portraying and patterning maleness and manhood ( MacDonald, 2007 ) . Additionally, Holland ( 1996 ) suggests that one of the major issues environing academic failure in immature male childs is the fact that they are surrounded by preponderantly female instructors, therefore it is ingrained in their mind that school work is something for misss to make. They seldom see males in their environment prosecuting in academic activity and hence there is struggle with their maleness. Boys respond more positively and efficaciously to correction given by male instructors as opposed to female instructors. One might reason that this might be strictly incidental. However, unless a female instructor exhibits masculine authorization manners or inordinate force, they appear to accomplish minimum or ephemeral consequences when covering with particularly riotous and delinquent male childs ( Francis 2008 ) . Due to this, boys are by and large disengaged from academic activities because most of the female instructors merely do non hold the capacity, desire or energy to cover with them. Clark ( 2009 ) points out that: â€Å" Research conducted by the Training and Development Agency for Schools ( TDA ) claimed that male childs taught by adult females are more likely to interrupt lessons and neglect their surveies. Fifty-one per cent of male childs in primary schools said they would be more obedient in category if taught by a adult male and 42 per cent said they would work harder. † One statement may be that the primary important figures in the lives of immature male childs who have become a threat in some of our schools are preponderantly female instructors and/or individual female parents, aunties or grandmas. This could bespeak that even with the best attempts and purposes, immature male childs seem to be unaffected of perturbed by these influential adult females in their lives. There are a figure of statements for and against the presence of male instructors in the instruction system. You read "Position Of Male Teachers In Our Education System Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Though, research has suggested that a balance of male and female instructors in the school system is desirable for kids. More over sense of ego regard, unity, ego assurance is fostered when a kid has a masculine function theoretical account he/she looks up to pattern and interact with. Therefore, the relevant disposal should pull, recruit and retain male instructors. This research paper has clearly shown that the inclusion and enlargement of the figure of male instructors in the school system will positively act upon, create, mold and bring forth better all rounded pupils particularly with regard to immature male pupils. While driving on a main road, one may detect a big hoarding demoing a male parent learning his kid to sit a motorcycle, an activity which is seen by society which males prefer, instead than females for diversion. Soon, there are strong group differences between males and females, haltering success to alter structural inequalities between work forces and adult females in employment and the place ( Cox, 1987 ) . A recent study conducted by the National Education Association ( NEA ) , reported that work forces accounted for less than one-quarter of all instructors. Additionally, it revealed that a good balance between male and female instructors in an instruction installation AIDSs in a better acquisition environment. Although male instructors may sometimes miss gradualness and contemplation, they make up for it in enthusiasm, wit, and earnestness. Enrolling more male instructors will therefore profit the instruction system given that they are merely as effectual and efficient as female s at instructors or even better. One statement against aiming work forces for instruction is that gender is irrelevant, as adult females are rather capable of executing typical male activities with kids such as kicking a football. However, without male instructors kids will go on to keep the stereotyped position that instruction is a female business. A staff consisting of both male and female instructors is better able to back up equal chances for both male childs and misss, and to make environments that respect every person ( Coulter A ; McNay, 1993 ) . Martino ( 2008 ) provinces: â€Å" In peculiar, the categorization of the art of instruction as â€Å" adult females ‘s work † has truly hurt the place of male instructors in our instruction system and maintain them out of the field. However, â€Å" Recuperative Maleness Politics † introduces conveying back maleness in order to battle current stereotypes. The term refers to the fact that males must be present in the schoolroom at the simple degree in order to cover with the current feminisation of the field † ( p. 192 ) . Most immature kids develop and larn through detecting the actions and words of those around them and research has shown that a male function theoretical account is indispensable in the school system. â€Å" Harmonizing to a Norms and Values Report 2011 commissioned by the Ministry of Social Development in Trinidad, and done by the ANSA McAL Psychological Research Centre, 69 per cent of adult females said they had kids, as compared to 53 per cent of work forces † ( Baldeosingh 2011 ) .This underlines the fact that some kids may non hold a solid male figure to emulate. Children need a important and positive function theoretical account to help in learning them the norms and values needed in society every bit good as to make full a male parent function for the six hr twenty-four hours that they spend together, a undertaking which female instructors can non carry through. They need to interact with male instructors when they are immature and turning emotionally. â€Å" Children need male function theoretical accounts between the ages of seven and thirteen to assist them turn and place themselves. † ( Erickson, 1950 ) .A As such, it is believed that male figures in our s chool system are required to steer, protect, enhance and influence pupils in a positive and resourceful mode so that they can go successful immature grownups. The factors that have encouraged the enlisting of more male instructors surfaced from the diverse learning manners between male and female instructors. Emphasis is placed on the instructor ‘s position on internal and external methods of control and how wit and freedom tantrums in to it ( Kesici, 2008 ) . For illustration, male instructors are frequently humourous and encourage freedom of address and appropriate behaviour in comparing to female instructors. They normally tell gags, and integrate play and treatments in the schoolroom which make the pupils laugh bring forthing a higher degree of involvement in the topic being taught. â€Å" The impression that instructors ‘ schoolroom behaviour and interaction with students may be predicted on the footing of their gender underpins recent controversial runs to enroll more male instructors † ( Francis 2008 ) . â€Å" Male instructors are more likely than female instructors to esteem and provide to kids ‘s ‘ involvement and demands, such as for more rambunctious drama † ( Farquhar, 1997 ) . Robinson ( 1988 ) adds nevertheless, that while there is small fluctuation in the work that male and female instructors really do, they tend to be different in their interactions. Male and female instruction manners take into history the assorted demands of each pupil and make a balanced instruction and acquisition environment where kids are allowed to develop holistically. Mac Donald ( 2007 ) suggested that due to the diminution in male instructors, the developmental old ages of male childs ( considered to be from two to twelve old ages ) have been affected soberly. Furthermore, he explained that boys gain more than merely academic accomplishment from male instructors, as they besides act as function theoretical accounts of manhood and maleness. This has lead to the thought of â€Å" ‘Gender Match ‘ which can be defined as the premise that kids learn at a faster rate when being taught by those of the same sex † ( Sokal A ; Katz, 2008 ) . Staff ( 2008 ) quoted Dr. Tanya Byron, a clinical psychologist and broadcaster, by stating: â€Å" Male primary school instructors can frequently be stable and dependable figures in the lives of the kids that they teach. They inspire kids to experience more confident, to work harder and to act better. † As a effect, boys learn at a faster rate when they are educated by male instead than femal e instructors. Additionally, Holland ( 1996 ) suggests that a cardinal issue environing academic failure in male child is the fact that they are surrounded chiefly by female instructors ; for that ground it is embedded in their mind that â€Å" school work † is to some extent for misss to make. They seldom observe males in their environment prosecuting in academic activity ; hence, struggle with their maleness arises. Boys respond more positively and efficaciously to rectification and subject imposed by male instructors as opposed to female instructors. It is argued that this might be merely incidental. However, if a female instructor does non exhibit certain masculine authorization manners or utmost energy, they seem to accomplish minimum or short-run consequences when covering with peculiarly disorderly and delinquent male childs ( Francis 2008 ) . Therefore, male childs tend to be by and large disconnected from academe due to the fact that most female instructors do non hold the competency, will or energy to cover with their exuberance behaviour. Clark ( 2009 ) points out that: â€Å" Research conducted by the Training and Development Agency for Schools ( TDA ) claimed that male childs taught by adult females are more likely to interrupt lessons and neglect their surveies. Fifty-one per cent of male childs in primary schools said they would be more obedient in category if taught by a adult male and 42 per cent said they would work harder. † It is argued that the prevailing important figures present in the lives of immature male childs who have developed into a nuisance in schools are chiefly female instructors and/or individual female parents, grandmas or aunties. This perchance will bespeak that even with a combination of difficult work and good purposes, immature male childs seem to be imperviable of these influential adult females in their lives. There are a figure of statements for and against the presence of male instructors in the instruction system. Research has suggested that a balance of male and female instructors in the school system is desirable for kids. More over a sense of dignity, morality and ego assurance is encouraged when a kid has a masculine function theoretical account he/she looks up to pattern and interact with. Therefore, the relevant disposal should pull, recruit and retain male instructors. The inclusion and enlargement of the figure of male instructors in the school system will positively act upon, create, mold and bring forth better all rounded pupils particularly with regard to immature male pupils. How to cite Position Of Male Teachers In Our Education System Education Essay, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Breakfast Club Analysis free essay sample

The well-known song â€Å"Don’t You Forget about Me† plays at the end of the movie The Breakfast Club, signaling not only the end of the famous movie, but also the end of the transitory group that had developed in the earlier scenes. Although movie was released over twenty years ago, high school students today can still use the labels that are examined in the movie to identify themselves in the cruel world they call high school. With the final lines â€Å"you see us as you want to see usIn the simplest terms, in the most convenient definitions,† the point of the movie finally becomes apparent; stereotypes are not accurate representations of teenagers, but instead they accurately represent who teenagers think they are. There is no doubt that students all come with labels; it is inevitable. But whether a student is a brain, a jock or a princess, they are all greatly impacted by the stereotypes and boundaries that are a part of each of their social groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Breakfast Club Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To teenagers, being a part of a social group is huge, as portrayed in The Breakfast Club. As soon as the movie starts, viewers can decipher the cliques that each student is in. When the students are being dropped off, viewers assume which cliques each student is in by their appearances, how they respond to their parents, and how they react to coming to school on a Saturday. The most important identification of each student’s clique is seen by where they sit in the library. Much like the school cafeteria today, the students sat where they felt comfortable. In this case, it was away from everyone else in the room, with the exception of Andrew and Claire who were already in similar social groups and had similar friends. Bender eventually approaches the topic of the students’ separate cliques by asking Andrew, â€Å"Do you think Id speak for you? I dont even know your language.† The students, while all in similar situations have trouble effectively communicating because they do not really know each other. This proves how drastically different teenagers are from those not included in their immediate friend group. Humans in general, especially teenagers, are greatly influenced by their peers and the activities that their peers participate in. This means that they are also largely impacted by the stereotypes that are associated with their cliques and social groups. Stereotypes change who teenagers think they are based upon what others are saying about them. Being forced into a role can completely change who a person is or how someone acts. For example, Andrew felt genuinely bad about taping together Larry Lester’s butt cheeks,  but he was influenced by his friends and by the expectations that he thought his father had for him. These expectations can drastically impact how teenagers treat one another. At the end of the movie, the boundaries outlined earlier in the film are semi-broken. Although, Claire tells Bender that she hates her friends, she remains friends with them because she does not feel like she would belong in another clique. The boundaries that are formed from the very beginning, such as the language each teenager uses or the lunches that they have, are finally broken when Allison takes the varsity letter off of Andrew’s jacket and when Claire gives Bender her earring. Although neither of these actions is huge, and none of the students will leave their prior friend group, they are beginning to break the boundaries that separated them in the first place. And though the breakfast club may never speak to each other again, they have developed a greater sense of understanding for each other and the cliques that they are all in. While Brian, Allison, Bender, Claire, and Andy may never talk to each other again, they may reconsider how they treat someone in a different social group than them or how they perceive someone who is different than them. The cliques are still going to exist, yet the students will be able to see others for who they really are, not for who others think they should be. Whether a student is impacted directly by their friends and peers, or by the boundaries that tie them to a specific group, the fact that there mindset is shifted by these pressures is unavoidable.